The rocket was launched on Monday night from an area to the south of the airport, the military said.
There were no reported damages or casualties. No group has claimed responsibility for the attack yet.
Separately, A US military plane crashed into an Iraqi military base north of the capital on Monday without causing fatalities, the US-led coalition said.
The crash of the C130 in Iraq's Camp Taji injured four servicemen and was deemed an accident, spokesman for the US-led coalition Myles Caggins told the Associated Press.
Caggins said the plane had overshot the runway and crashed into a wall resulting in damage to the aircraft and a small fire.
Four service members on the plane sustained non-life-threatening injuries and are being treated at Camp Taji’s medical facility,” Caggins said in a statement after the incident. “Enemy activity is not suspected; the incident remains under investigation.”
There were seven crew members and 26 passengers aboard the flight, Iraqi official said. Among the injured were two pilots. The official spoke on condition of anonymity in line with regulations.
In March, two Americans and one British soldier were killed following a barrage of rockets on Camp Taji.